Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Please sign in to share these flashcards. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure You can use it freely (with some kind of link), and we're also okay with people reprinting in publications like books, blogs, newsletters, course-material, papers, wikipedia and presentations (with clear attribution). Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. D. It was Nicole's first year of high school. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. 2. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . 1 A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? 59 0 obj Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. Half of the Subjects who received $20 had no problem explaining their behavior to themselves. Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream in order to reduce dissonance. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. are learned through experiences and contact with others, Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. His data, however did not support this idea. Rating scale 0 to 10. 0000000868 00000 n The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. This is an example of which rule of attraction? This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. . (Boulding, 1969) asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. We'll bring you back here when you are done. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? (p.47) (The secretary had left the office.) What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. enjoyable than the others would. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). %%EOF correct. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. In the Latane and Darley experiment, subjects were most likely to help when______. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. 51 0 obj :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? This is an example of which rule of attraction? After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. (1984, August) Psychology Today, pp.40-45. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Let us review these briefly: 1. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. Discourage questions and alternate solutions. Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. Some have already been discussed. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. endobj Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. 0000013918 00000 n 0000010660 00000 n Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Instead the opposite happened. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. Don't see what you need? To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. //document.getElementById('adblockmessage').style.display = 'block'; The difference between the One Dollar condition and the Twenty Dollar condition (-.25) reaches only the .15 level of significance (t = 1.46). show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. 3. 1. The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. soc. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Specifically, subjects were asked to put spools onto and then off the try with the use of only one hand for half an hour, and then for the next half hour, turn square pegs clockwise in quarter turns, and then start all over again once the whole cycle's been finished for all 48 square pegs. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. The question was included because, as far as we could see, it had nothing to do with the dissonance that was experimentally created and could not be used for dissonance reduction. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. 47 14 The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.".